Content Marketing Ethics and Intellectual Property: A Guide

Content marketing ethics and intellectual property are intertwined concepts that shape the responsible and legal practices of content creation and distribution. This exploration delves into the ethical considerations surrounding content marketing, examining how intellectual property rights play a vital role in ensuring fairness and accountability in the digital landscape.

From understanding fundamental ethical principles to navigating the complexities of copyright and trademark laws, this guide provides insights into the ethical and legal framework that governs content marketing. We’ll explore the importance of attribution, source citation, and data privacy, as well as the ethical implications of repurposing content and collaborating with influencers.

By embracing ethical practices, content marketers can foster trust, build strong relationships with their audience, and contribute to a more responsible and sustainable digital environment.

Table of Contents

Understanding Content Marketing Ethics

Content marketing ethics is a critical aspect of building trust and credibility with your audience. It ensures that your content is authentic, valuable, and ethical, ultimately leading to long-term success.

Fundamental Principles of Ethical Content Marketing

Ethical content marketing is built upon a foundation of transparency, honesty, and respect for your audience. It involves creating and distributing content that is truthful, informative, and relevant to your target audience’s needs and interests.

  • Transparency:Be open and honest about your intentions and motivations behind your content. Disclose any affiliations, sponsorships, or paid partnerships that may influence your content.
  • Honesty:Ensure your content is accurate, factual, and free from misleading or deceptive information.
  • Respect:Treat your audience with respect by providing valuable and relevant content that meets their needs and interests. Avoid using manipulative tactics or exploiting their vulnerabilities.
  • Integrity:Maintain a high standard of ethical conduct in all your content marketing activities. This includes adhering to copyright laws, respecting intellectual property rights, and avoiding plagiarism.

Potential Ethical Dilemmas in Content Creation and Distribution

Ethical dilemmas can arise in various aspects of content marketing, from the creation process to distribution and promotion.

  • Native Advertising:Blurring the lines between editorial content and advertising can be ethically challenging. It’s crucial to clearly identify sponsored content and ensure transparency.
  • Data Privacy:Collecting and using audience data ethically is essential. Respecting data privacy regulations and obtaining consent for data collection are crucial.
  • Content Authenticity:Ensuring the authenticity of user-generated content and avoiding the use of fake accounts or bots is important for maintaining credibility.
  • Content Appropriation:Using others’ content without permission or proper attribution is unethical and can lead to legal consequences.

Examples of Ethical and Unethical Content Marketing Practices

  • Ethical Practices:
    • Providing in-depth, informative articles on relevant topics that address the audience’s needs and interests.
    • Creating engaging videos that offer valuable insights and entertainment.
    • Sharing user-generated content with proper attribution and permission.
    • Clearly labeling sponsored content and disclosing any partnerships.
  • Unethical Practices:
    • Creating misleading or deceptive content to manipulate audience behavior.
    • Using clickbait headlines to attract attention without delivering on the promise.
    • Plagiarizing content from other sources without attribution.
    • Using hidden marketing tactics, such as deceptive advertising or fake reviews.

Intellectual Property Rights in Content Marketing

Content marketing relies heavily on the creation and distribution of original content. This content, however, is not always entirely original, and it is essential to understand the legal framework surrounding intellectual property rights to ensure ethical and compliant content marketing practices.

Understanding Key Intellectual Property Concepts

Understanding the key intellectual property concepts is crucial for content marketers. These concepts provide legal protection for creators and ensure that their work is not exploited without permission.

Content marketing ethics are particularly important when dealing with intellectual property, as it’s crucial to respect the rights of creators and ensure proper attribution. This is especially true when leveraging video content, which can be a powerful tool for non-profits.

Video marketing for non-profit organizations offers a unique opportunity to engage audiences and raise awareness, but it’s essential to source materials responsibly and adhere to copyright guidelines. By prioritizing ethical practices, non-profits can create impactful campaigns while upholding the integrity of their messaging and the creative works they utilize.

  • Copyright: Copyright protects original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, and certain other intellectual works. It grants the copyright holder exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, perform, display, and create derivative works based on the copyrighted material. Copyright protection is automatic upon creation of an original work, and registration is optional.

    For content marketing materials, copyright protects written content, images, videos, and other creative assets.

  • Trademark: A trademark is a symbol, design, or phrase legally registered to represent a company or product. It distinguishes the source of goods or services from those of others. Trademark protection prevents others from using a similar mark that could cause confusion in the marketplace.

    In content marketing, trademarks are used to identify brands and products, and they should be used appropriately to avoid infringement.

  • Patent: A patent protects inventions, granting the patent holder the exclusive right to make, use, and sell the invention for a specific period. Patents are generally granted for new and useful processes, machines, manufactures, compositions of matter, or improvements thereof.

    While patents are less relevant to content marketing than copyright and trademark, they can be applicable in cases involving innovative technologies or methods used in content creation or distribution.

Applying Intellectual Property Concepts to Content Marketing Materials, Content marketing ethics and intellectual property

The application of intellectual property concepts in content marketing is critical for ethical and legal compliance.

Content marketing ethics and intellectual property are essential considerations for businesses looking to engage their audiences. Creating valuable and original content is key, and incorporating interactive elements can be a powerful way to achieve this. Learn more about the benefits of Interactive content for customer engagement to enhance your content marketing strategy while remaining mindful of ethical practices and respecting intellectual property rights.

  • Copyright: Content marketers must ensure that they have the necessary rights to use any copyrighted material in their content. This includes obtaining permission from the copyright holder for any content they wish to reproduce, distribute, or adapt. Fair use is a legal doctrine that allows limited use of copyrighted material for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research.

    Content marketing ethics are crucial when creating engaging content, especially when incorporating interactive elements. For example, when developing interactive content for online learning, like Interactive content for online learning , it’s essential to respect copyright and source materials properly.

    This ensures a strong foundation for ethical content marketing practices.

    However, fair use is a complex legal concept, and content marketers should consult with legal counsel to determine if their intended use qualifies.

  • Trademark: Content marketers must be careful to avoid infringing on trademarks when using brand names, logos, or other trademarks in their content. While using a trademark in a descriptive or informational context may be permissible, using it in a way that suggests an endorsement or association with the brand owner could be considered trademark infringement.

  • Patent: While patents are less relevant to content marketing, content marketers should be aware of any patented technologies or methods used in their content creation or distribution. For example, if a content marketer uses a specific software program to create or distribute content, they should ensure that they have a license to use the software.

Examples of Intellectual Property Infringement in Content Marketing

Understanding examples of intellectual property infringement in content marketing can help content marketers avoid potential legal issues.

  • Copying and pasting content from other websites without permission: This is a clear violation of copyright and can result in legal action. Content marketers should always obtain permission from the copyright holder before using any copyrighted material.
  • Using someone else’s photos or videos without permission: This is another form of copyright infringement. Content marketers should only use images and videos that they have the right to use, either because they created them or because they have obtained permission from the copyright holder.
  • Using a brand’s logo or trademark without permission: This can be considered trademark infringement and can damage a brand’s reputation. Content marketers should only use trademarks with permission from the trademark holder.

Content Repurposing and Ethical Considerations

Content repurposing is a common practice in content marketing, where existing content is adapted and reused in different formats or channels to reach a wider audience and maximize its value. While repurposing can be beneficial, it’s crucial to consider the ethical implications and ensure that the practice is done responsibly.

Boundaries of Fair Use in Content Repurposing

Fair use is a legal doctrine that allows limited use of copyrighted material without permission from the copyright holder. However, the boundaries of fair use can be complex and vary depending on factors such as the nature of the work, the amount used, and the purpose of the use.

  • Purpose and Character of the Use:Repurposing content for commercial purposes or for profit-making activities may be considered less likely to be fair use compared to non-commercial or educational purposes.
  • Nature of the Copyrighted Work:Repurposing factual works, such as news articles or scientific research, is generally more likely to be considered fair use than repurposing creative works, such as novels or music.
  • Amount and Substantiality of the Portion Used:Repurposing a small portion of a work is more likely to be considered fair use than repurposing a substantial portion.
  • Effect on the Potential Market for the Copyrighted Work:Repurposing content in a way that competes with the original work or diminishes its market value may be considered unfair use.

It’s important to note that fair use is a complex legal issue, and it’s always best to consult with a legal professional for specific advice.

Ethical and Unethical Content Repurposing Practices

  • Ethical Content Repurposing Practices:
    • Attribution:Providing clear and prominent attribution to the original source of the content.
    • Adding Value:Repurposing content in a way that adds value to the original work, such as by providing new insights, analysis, or perspectives.
    • Seeking Permission:Obtaining permission from the copyright holder before repurposing content, especially for commercial use.
    • Repurposing for Non-Commercial Purposes:Repurposing content for educational or non-profit purposes, where the potential market impact is minimal.
  • Unethical Content Repurposing Practices:
    • Plagiarism:Copying content without attribution or permission.
    • Misrepresenting Content:Presenting repurposed content as original or without disclosing its source.
    • Repurposing for Commercial Gain:Using repurposed content to generate revenue without permission or proper attribution.
    • Repurposing Content for Competitive Advantage:Repurposing content to gain an unfair advantage over competitors by using their work without permission.

Content Marketing and Privacy

Content marketing, while effective in building relationships and generating leads, can have a significant impact on user privacy if not handled responsibly. It involves gathering and utilizing data about users to personalize content and tailor marketing messages. This raises ethical concerns about the collection, storage, and use of personal information.

Ethical Considerations in Data Collection and Usage

Ethical considerations are crucial in content marketing, ensuring user trust and responsible data practices. This section explores the ethical implications of data collection and usage in content marketing.

  • Transparency and Consent:Users should be informed about the data being collected, how it will be used, and have the option to opt-out or manage their privacy settings. Clear and concise privacy policies should be readily available and easy to understand.
  • Data Minimization:Only collect data that is necessary for the intended purpose of content marketing. Avoid excessive data collection that may infringe on user privacy.
  • Data Security:Implement robust security measures to protect user data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, alteration, or destruction.
  • Data Retention:Only retain data for as long as necessary for the stated purpose. Regularly review and delete outdated or unnecessary data.
  • Data Accuracy:Ensure that collected data is accurate and up-to-date. Provide users with the ability to update or correct their personal information.
  • Data Sharing:Avoid sharing user data with third parties without explicit consent. If sharing is necessary, ensure that the third party adheres to similar ethical standards and privacy practices.

Examples of Ethical and Unethical Data Practices

Understanding ethical and unethical data practices is essential for responsible content marketing. Here are examples of both:

Ethical Data Practices

  • Personalized Content Based on User Preferences:A travel website uses cookies to remember a user’s past searches and suggests relevant destinations and travel deals based on their interests. This practice is ethical as long as users are informed about the cookie usage and have the option to opt-out.

  • Targeted Advertising Based on Demographics:A clothing retailer uses demographic data to target advertising campaigns to specific age groups or gender identities. This practice is ethical if users are informed about the data being used and have the option to opt-out of targeted advertising.
  • Content Recommendations Based on User Behavior:A news website uses user browsing history to recommend relevant articles and news stories. This practice is ethical if users are informed about the data being used and have the option to manage their privacy settings.

Unethical Data Practices

  • Collecting Data Without Consent:A website tracks user browsing activity without their knowledge or consent. This practice is unethical and violates user privacy.
  • Sharing Data Without Transparency:A social media platform shares user data with third-party advertisers without their explicit consent. This practice is unethical and violates user privacy.
  • Using Data for Unrelated Purposes:A company collects user data for a specific purpose, such as email marketing, but then uses it for other purposes, such as targeted advertising. This practice is unethical and violates user trust.

Content Marketing and Transparency

Transparency is a cornerstone of ethical content marketing. When consumers trust that content is authentic and genuine, they are more likely to engage with it, build relationships with brands, and ultimately make informed purchasing decisions.

Sponsored Content and Native Advertising

Sponsored content and native advertising can be powerful tools for reaching target audiences, but they also raise ethical concerns if not handled transparently. The key is to clearly disclose the commercial nature of the content so that readers can make informed decisions about what they are consuming.

“Transparency is not an option; it is a necessity for building trust and credibility in content marketing.”

Here are some best practices for ensuring transparency in sponsored content and native advertising:

  • Clear and prominent labeling: Use clear and prominent labels, such as “Sponsored Content” or “Paid Post,” to indicate that the content is commercially influenced. This labeling should be visible in the headline, introduction, or throughout the content.
  • Disclose the relationship: Clearly disclose the relationship between the brand and the content creator. This can be done through a statement like “This post is sponsored by [Brand Name].”
  • Maintain editorial independence: While sponsored content should align with the brand’s messaging, it’s crucial to maintain editorial independence. The content should be informative and valuable to the audience, not solely focused on promoting the brand’s products or services.

Best Practices for Transparent Content Marketing Campaigns

Transparency is not just about disclosing commercial relationships. It extends to all aspects of content marketing.

  • Be upfront about your goals: Be honest with your audience about your objectives. If you’re aiming to drive sales, generate leads, or build brand awareness, be transparent about these goals.
  • Use ethical data practices: Respect user privacy and data security. Don’t use personal information without consent and be transparent about how you collect and use data.
  • Engage in honest and open communication: Be responsive to reader comments and questions. Acknowledge any mistakes or errors and address concerns openly.
  • Avoid deceptive practices: Don’t engage in practices that mislead or deceive your audience, such as hiding sponsored content, using fake accounts, or manipulating search engine results.

Content Marketing and Influencer Ethics

The rise of influencer marketing has brought new ethical considerations to content marketing. As brands increasingly collaborate with influencers to reach their target audiences, it’s crucial to ensure that these partnerships are transparent, authentic, and ethical. This section will explore the ethical considerations for working with influencers in content marketing, emphasizing the importance of disclosing partnerships and sponsored content.

Disclosing Partnerships and Sponsored Content

Transparency is paramount in influencer marketing. Consumers are becoming increasingly savvy about the nature of online content, and they expect to know when they are being presented with sponsored content. Disclosing partnerships and sponsored content builds trust with the audience and ensures that influencers maintain their credibility.

There are several ways to disclose partnerships and sponsored content:

  • Clear and concise labeling:Use phrases like “sponsored post,” “paid partnership,” or “advertisement” prominently in the content. This clearly indicates the nature of the content to the audience.
  • Using hashtags:Hashtags like #sponsored, #ad, or #collaboration can help identify sponsored content. These hashtags make it easy for consumers to filter out sponsored content if they prefer.
  • Disclosures in the caption:Including a clear statement about the partnership in the caption of the content is essential, particularly on platforms like Instagram or TikTok.
  • Disclaimers in the video or image:For video content, a clear disclaimer at the beginning or end of the video is necessary. For images, a small disclaimer can be added to the image itself.

Failing to disclose partnerships can have serious consequences. It can damage the influencer’s reputation, erode trust with the audience, and potentially lead to legal repercussions.

Content marketing ethics and intellectual property are crucial considerations, especially when creating engaging video content. To ensure your content is both original and respectful of copyright, it’s essential to understand the principles of fair use and attribution. A valuable resource for learning how to create captivating video content that resonates with your audience can be found at How to create engaging video content for social media.

By combining creativity with ethical practices, you can build a strong content marketing strategy that benefits both your brand and your audience.

Examples of Ethical Influencer Marketing Practices

Several brands and influencers demonstrate ethical influencer marketing practices. These examples can serve as inspiration for building ethical partnerships.

  • Authentic endorsements:Ethical influencers only endorse products or services they genuinely believe in and use themselves. This ensures that their recommendations are authentic and resonate with their audience.
  • Transparency about compensation:Disclosing the compensation received for promoting a product or service is crucial for transparency. This helps consumers understand the influencer’s motivation and avoids any perceived conflicts of interest.
  • Focus on value:Ethical influencers prioritize providing value to their audience. They don’t simply promote products for the sake of it but focus on creating engaging content that educates, entertains, or inspires their followers.
  • Building genuine relationships:Ethical influencer marketing involves building genuine relationships between brands and influencers. This means fostering a collaborative approach and prioritizing long-term partnerships based on shared values and goals.

By adhering to ethical practices, brands and influencers can build trust with their audience and create successful and sustainable influencer marketing campaigns.

Content Marketing and Social Responsibility: Content Marketing Ethics And Intellectual Property

Content marketing has the power to not only promote brands and products but also to raise awareness about important social issues and inspire positive change. By leveraging the reach and engagement of content marketing, businesses can contribute to a better world.

The Role of Content Marketing in Promoting Social Good

Content marketing can play a crucial role in promoting social good by:

  • Raising awareness about critical social issues:Content marketing can effectively communicate complex social issues in a way that resonates with audiences. Through engaging storytelling, compelling visuals, and informative data, content marketers can shed light on problems like poverty, inequality, climate change, and human rights violations, prompting people to take action.

  • Educating the public:Content marketing can provide valuable information and resources to empower individuals to make informed decisions about social issues. By sharing research findings, expert insights, and practical tips, content marketers can foster understanding and knowledge about complex social challenges.
  • Inspiring action and change:Content marketing can inspire audiences to take action by highlighting the impact of social issues and showcasing the positive impact of individual and collective efforts. By sharing stories of individuals who have overcome challenges, organizations that are working towards positive change, and concrete steps that people can take to make a difference, content marketers can motivate people to become involved.

Examples of Content Marketing Campaigns that Address Social Issues

Numerous brands and organizations have successfully implemented content marketing campaigns that address social issues. Here are some notable examples:

  • Dove’s Real Beauty Campaign:This campaign aimed to challenge societal beauty standards and promote self-acceptance. Dove used a variety of content formats, including videos, articles, and social media posts, to showcase the diversity of beauty and celebrate real women. The campaign was widely successful in raising awareness about body image issues and promoting positive self-esteem.

  • Nike’s “Just Do It” Campaign:This iconic campaign has long been associated with empowering individuals to overcome challenges and achieve their goals. Over the years, Nike has used its platform to address social issues such as gender equality and racial justice. For example, the “Dream Crazier” campaign featured female athletes and challenged gender stereotypes in sports.

  • TOMS’ One for One Model:This company donates a pair of shoes to a child in need for every pair purchased. TOMS has used content marketing to share stories of the impact their donations have made on children around the world. This approach has successfully connected their brand with social good and fostered customer loyalty.

Ethical Considerations Related to Content Marketing for Social Causes

While content marketing can be a powerful tool for promoting social good, it is essential to consider the ethical implications.

  • Transparency and Authenticity:It is crucial to be transparent about the purpose and goals of content marketing campaigns that address social issues. Consumers should be aware of the organization’s motivations and the intended impact of the campaign. Authenticity is also essential, as audiences can quickly detect insincere or manipulative content.

  • Avoiding Exploitation:Content marketers should avoid exploiting social issues for commercial gain. It is important to ensure that the content is respectful of the individuals and communities affected by the issue and that the campaign’s primary goal is to make a positive impact.

    Content marketing ethics are essential, especially when it comes to using intellectual property. It’s important to obtain proper permissions and attribution for any content you use, including videos. To effectively leverage video marketing and drive traffic to your website, consider strategies outlined in this comprehensive guide: How to use video marketing to increase website traffic.

    By adhering to ethical practices and using video marketing strategically, you can build a strong online presence while respecting the rights of content creators.

    It is essential to avoid using sensitive or controversial topics to generate clicks or increase brand awareness without genuine intent to address the issue.

  • Respecting Cultural Sensitivities:Content marketing campaigns that address social issues should be culturally sensitive and avoid perpetuating stereotypes or harmful generalizations. It is important to consult with experts and community members to ensure that the content is appropriate and respectful of diverse perspectives.

    Content marketing ethics and intellectual property are crucial considerations, especially when leveraging interactive content for data collection. While it’s essential to gather valuable insights from your audience, it’s equally important to be transparent about data usage and respect user privacy.

    For instance, Interactive content for data collection can be a powerful tool for gathering insights, but it’s crucial to ensure that data collection practices are ethical and compliant with relevant regulations. By prioritizing transparency and user privacy, you can build trust and foster long-term relationships with your audience.

  • Measuring Impact:Content marketers should carefully measure the impact of their campaigns and ensure that they are achieving their intended goals. This includes tracking metrics such as website traffic, social media engagement, and donations. By analyzing the data, marketers can identify areas for improvement and ensure that their efforts are making a real difference.

Building an Ethical Content Marketing Framework

An ethical content marketing framework is crucial for ensuring that your content marketing efforts are aligned with ethical principles and best practices. This framework serves as a guide for your team, helping them navigate the complexities of creating and distributing content responsibly.

It fosters trust with your audience and protects your brand’s reputation.

Ethical Considerations for Content Marketers

A comprehensive checklist of ethical considerations can help content marketers make informed decisions. This checklist should encompass various aspects of content creation and distribution, including:

  • Transparency:Clearly disclose any affiliations, sponsorships, or paid partnerships. Avoid misleading or deceptive content that might misrepresent your intentions or affiliations.
  • Accuracy:Ensure the information you present is factually correct and supported by credible sources. Avoid spreading misinformation or promoting unsubstantiated claims.
  • Fair Use:Respect intellectual property rights and obtain necessary permissions before using copyrighted content. Properly attribute sources and acknowledge the contributions of others.
  • Privacy:Protect the privacy of individuals and avoid sharing personal information without consent. Adhere to data privacy regulations and ensure transparency in data collection and usage.
  • Objectivity:Present information in an objective and unbiased manner, avoiding any conflicts of interest that might compromise the integrity of your content.
  • Authenticity:Be genuine and authentic in your content. Avoid creating fake accounts or engaging in deceptive practices to manipulate audience engagement.
  • Respect for Diversity:Create content that is inclusive and respectful of all individuals and groups, avoiding stereotypes or discriminatory language.
  • Environmental Responsibility:Consider the environmental impact of your content creation and distribution practices. Minimize resource consumption and promote sustainable practices.
  • Social Responsibility:Use your content marketing platform to promote positive social change and address important societal issues. Engage in ethical and responsible marketing practices.

Ethical Guidelines for Content Marketing Activities

Developing ethical guidelines for different types of content marketing activities can provide clarity and structure for your team. This table Artikels ethical considerations for various content marketing formats:

Content Marketing Activity Ethical Guidelines
Blog Posts
  • Ensure factual accuracy and attribute sources.
  • Avoid plagiarism and respect copyright laws.
  • Disclose any conflicts of interest or paid partnerships.
Social Media Posts
  • Engage in authentic and respectful interactions.
  • Avoid spreading misinformation or promoting harmful content.
  • Be transparent about sponsored content and paid endorsements.
Email Marketing
  • Obtain explicit consent before sending emails.
  • Provide clear unsubscribe options and respect users’ preferences.
  • Avoid using deceptive subject lines or misleading content.
Video Marketing
  • Obtain consent for any footage featuring individuals.
  • Ensure video content is accurate and avoids misleading information.
  • Respect copyright laws and obtain necessary permissions for music and footage.
Infographics
  • Source data from reliable and reputable sources.
  • Present information accurately and avoid misleading visualizations.
  • Attribute all sources and acknowledge contributions.

Establishing Ethical Policies and Procedures

Formalizing ethical policies and procedures for your content marketing team is essential for fostering a culture of ethical conduct. These policies should:

  • Define ethical principles:Clearly articulate the ethical principles that guide your content marketing activities. This includes transparency, accuracy, fairness, and respect for individuals and communities.
  • Establish guidelines for content creation and distribution:Provide detailed guidelines for creating and distributing content ethically. This should cover topics like intellectual property rights, privacy, and data security.
  • Implement review processes:Establish a process for reviewing content before publication. This can involve internal review by team members or external experts. This ensures adherence to ethical standards.
  • Provide training and resources:Offer training and resources to help your team understand and apply ethical principles in their work. This can include workshops, online courses, or access to ethical guidelines and best practices.
  • Create a culture of ethical conduct:Encourage open communication and accountability. Create a culture where ethical concerns can be raised and addressed without fear of retaliation. This promotes ethical decision-making and fosters a responsible content marketing team.

Wrap-Up

Content marketing ethics and intellectual property

As content marketing continues to evolve, understanding the ethical and legal implications of intellectual property is crucial for success. By adhering to ethical guidelines and respecting intellectual property rights, content marketers can create compelling content that resonates with their audience while maintaining a positive and trustworthy reputation.

This approach not only ensures compliance with legal requirements but also fosters a more responsible and sustainable digital landscape.

Helpful Answers

What are the most common ethical dilemmas in content marketing?

Common ethical dilemmas include plagiarism, using copyrighted material without permission, misleading advertising, and exploiting user data for profit.

How can I avoid copyright infringement in my content marketing?

Always obtain permission before using copyrighted material. Use public domain content, create original content, or use licensed content with proper attribution.

What are the best practices for transparent content marketing?

Clearly disclose any sponsored content or paid partnerships, provide accurate information, and avoid deceptive or misleading claims.

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